International Interventions

Intervention in Grao-Para (1897-8)

-Portugal is harvesting rubber in region, brutal stuff

-including Richmondite exiles running slave plantations, revealed by enterprising reporters

-international condemnation results in organization within International Forum

-joint British-American-French-Dutch fleet to occupy Grao-Para, stop this

-subsequent battles rather minor, largest being Battle of New Richmond, "the last battle of the Liberty and Union War"

-Grao-Para made intl territory under International Forum, run by commission of natl appointees

-Richmondite government collapses, Portuguese in Pernambuco refuse to let Richmondites there form any sort of successor govt

First Intervention in Zanzibar (1904)

-slave trade in Zanzibar is internationally infamous

-all treaties to stop it come to naught

-results in organization of International Navy to stop it

-after crushing its fleet and firing warning shots on Zanzibar City itself, Zanzibar accedes

-abolition of slave trade fully enforced by International Forum

Second Intervention in Zanzibar (1927)

-interference against anti-slave trade actions and continued proslavery actions result in new coalition assembled against Zanzibar

-International Tribunal issues arrest warrants against Heads of Zanzibar > 1923-1927 Bargash bin Majid for slavery and other acts

-International Navy storms the palace and arrests Barghash, sends him to London for trial

-in return for allowing new government to form, Zanzibar forced to sign manumission law

Intervention in Jaffna (1942-3)

-organized by Heads of the Cape > 1946-1948 Hendrik de Booij (Radical-Liberal)

-intervenes to stop Tamil Nadu from invading all of Ceylon

-International troops stop them from invading the whole of the island

-restrict them to the northern part